Hikoya zamonlari: Past Perfect Simple va Continuous

Hikoya zamonlari

Oʻtmishdagi voqeani hikoya qilganda odatda toʻrtta zamon birga ishlatiladi:

• Past Simple — asosiy voqealar ketma-ketligi;
• Past Continuous — fon, davom etayotgan harakat;
• Past Perfect Simple — undan oldinroq tugagan harakat;
• Past Perfect Continuous — oldinroq boshlanib, oʻtmishdagi maʼlum paytgacha davom etgan harakat.

When I arrived, the film had already started.
    — Men kelganimda film allaqachon boshlangan edi.
She was tired because she had been working all day.
    — U charchagan edi, chunki kun boʻyi ishlagan edi.
By the time the police came, the thief had escaped.
    — Politsiya kelguncha oʻgʻri qochib ketgan edi.
I had never seen snow before I moved to Moscow.
    — Moskvaga koʻchishimdan oldin hech qachon qor koʻrmagan edim.

Shakl

Past Perfect Simple:       had + V3            She had left.
Past Perfect Continuous:   had been + V-ing    She had been waiting.

Inkor:      hadn't left / hadn't been waiting
Savol:      Had she left?    How long had she been waiting?
Qisqartma:  I'd, she'd, they'd (= I had, she had, they had)

Past Simple yoki Past Perfect?

Solishtiring:

When I arrived, the film started.       — Men keldim, keyin film boshlandi.
When I arrived, the film had started.   — Film men kelishimdan oldin boshlangan edi.

Voqealar sodir boʻlgan tartibda aytilsa, Past Perfect shart emas: I opened the door and went in. Past Perfect faqat voqealar tartibini aniq koʻrsatish kerak boʻlganda ishlatiladi. before va after tartibni oʻzi koʻrsatgani uchun, ular bilan Past Simple ham boʻlaveradi: After she (had) finished, she left.

Past Perfect bilan koʻp keladigan soʻzlar: by the time, already, just, never … before, when, because.

Simple yoki Continuous?

• Past Perfect Simple — natija, tugallangan ish, «nechta/necha marta»: She had written three letters.
• Past Perfect Continuous — davomiylik, jarayon yoki uning izi koʻrinib turgani: Her eyes were red. She had been crying. Koʻpincha for va since bilan: They had been living there for ten years when the war started.

Holat feʼllari (know, be, believe) continuous shaklda kelmaydi: I had known him for years (had been knowing emas).

Oʻzbek tilidagi «-gan edi» shakli Past Perfectga oʻxshaydi, lekin oʻzbekchada u kengroq ishlatiladi. Inglizchada har bir oʻtgan voqea uchun had qoʻymang: oddiy ketma-ketlik — Past Simple, faqat «undan oldin» maʼnosi boʻlsa — Past Perfect.

Eslab qoling

1. had + V3 — oʻtmishdagi boshqa paytdan oldin tugagan harakat.
2. had been + V-ing — oʻsha paytgacha davom etgan harakat, davomiylik.
3. by the time, already, never … before Past Perfect bilan koʻp keladi.
4. Holat feʼllari continuous shaklda kelmaydi.